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Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991
A referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence was held in Ukraine on 1 December 1991.〔Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1976 ISBN 9783832956097〕 An overwhelming majority of 92.3% of voters approved the declaration of independence made by the Verkhovna Rada on 24 August 1991.
==The referendum==
Voters were asked "Do you support the Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine?"〔Nohlen & Stöver, p1985〕 The text of the Declaration was included as a preamble to the question. The referendum was called by the Parliament of Ukraine to confirm the Act of Independence, which was adopted by the Parliament on 24 August 1991.〔(Historic vote for independence ), ''The Ukrainian Weekly'' (1 September 1991)〕 Citizens of Ukraine expressed overwhelming support for independence. In the referendum, 31,891,742 registered voters (or 84.18% of the electorate) took part, and among them 28,804,071 (or 92.3%) voted ''"Yes"''.〔
On the same day, a presidential election took place. All six candidates campaigned in favour of a "Yes" vote in the independence referendum. Leonid Kravchuk, the parliament chairman and de facto head of state, was elected to serve as the first President of Ukraine.〔(Independence – over 90% vote yes in referendum; Kravchuk elected president of Ukraine ), ''The Ukrainian Weekly'' (8 December 1991)〕
From 2 December 1991 on Ukraine was globally recognized as an independent state (by other countries).〔(Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition ) by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
(Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992 ), University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
(Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union ) by Roman Szporluk, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, ISBN 0817995420 (page 355〕 That day the President of the Russian SFSR Boris Yeltsin did the same.〔(Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985-2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime ) by Gordon M. Hahn, Transaction Publishers, 2001, ISBN 0765800497 (page 482)
(A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ukraine ), Office of the Historian
(The Limited Partnership: Building a Russian-US Security Community ) by James E. Goodby and Benoit Morel, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0198291612 (page 48)
(Ukrainian Independence ), Worldwide News Ukraine〕 In a telegram of congratulations President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev sent to Kravchuk soon after the referendum, Gorbachev included his hopes for close Ukrainian cooperation and understanding in "the formation of a union of sovereign states".〔(NEWSBRIEFS FROM UKRAINE ), ''The Ukrainian Weekly'' (8 December 1991)〕
Ukraine was the second-most powerful republic in the Soviet Union both economically and politically (behind only Russia), and its secession ended any realistic chance of Gorbachev keeping the Soviet Union together. By December 1991 all former Soviet Republics except the RSFSR〔(Russia's New Politics: The Management of a Postcommunist Society ) by Stephen K. White, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0521587379 (page 240)〕 and the Kazakh SSR〔 had formally seceded from the Union.〔(Citizens in the Making in Post-Soviet States ) by Olena Nikolayenko, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0415596041 (page 101)〕 A week after his election, Kravchuk joined with Yeltsin and Belarusian leader Stanislau Shushkevich in signing the Belavezha Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.〔(Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation ) by Robert A. Saunders & Vlad Strukov, Scarecrow Press, 2010, ISBN 0810854759 (page 75)〕 The Soviet Union officially dissolved on December 26.〔(Turning Points - Actual and Alternate Histories: The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo ) by Rodney P. Carlisle and J. Geoffrey Golson, ABC-CLIO, 2007, ISBN 1851098852 (page 111)〕
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